VAT rates across Europe: Know the difference

If you operate within Europe and you’re looking to scale your business up, it’s important to keep VAT rates in mind. As you grow your business, you’ll likely expand across borders, which means accounting for the tax rules of different countries.

While the EU weighs in on many VAT matters, each country can decide its VAT rates. This level of variety makes things complicated for businesses that sell to multiple countries, as different VAT rates can significantly affect the pricing of their goods.

EU rules on VAT rates

While the European Union does not have the power to set the VAT rates of each of its member states, it has several basic rules that EU countries must abide by. New rules are included in various EU directives, but the primary directive (released in 2006) established that:

· Countries must have a standard VAT rate and up to two reduced rates.

· The standard VAT rate of an EU member state cannot be less than 15%.

· The reduced VAT rate(s) of an EU member state cannot be less than 5%.

Additionally, the EU allows for three kinds of special rates:

· Super-reduced rates are VAT rates less than 5% and only apply to specific goods in specific countries.

· The term zero rates simply refers to a 0% VAT rate, where consumers don’t need to pay any VAT on the purchase of a particular type of product.

· Parking rates, sometimes called intermediary rates, are similar to reduced rates. Annex iii of the 2006 EU VAT directive listed the specific goods and services to which the reduced rates can apply; some EU countries apply parking rates to goods not listed in Annex iii. While the VAT rate on these goods can be lower than the standard rate, it must be higher than 12%.

Important EU VAT rates by country

Below, we’ve included a closer look at the VAT rates of Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Spain. We’ve specifically looked at these five nations as they are the five largest economies in Europe and will likely be relevant to the largest number of businesses.

If you’re interested in more information on the VAT rates of other European countries, be sure to check out our page on EU VAT rates. As well as being able to search by country, we’ve listed which rates apply to which products, so you know exactly how your business will be affected.

VAT in Germany

Germany currently uses three VAT rates:

· 19% standard rate

· 7% reduced rate

· Zero rate - Used for international and intra-community transport.

While the standard rate currently sits at 19%, it’s a good example of how VAT rates can shift: from July 2020 until December 2022, the German standard VAT rate was set at 7% to combat the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Many EU countries apply the reduced VAT rate to necessities, and Germany is no exception. In Germany, the reduced rate applies to basics like food, water supplies, medical equipment, and educational necessities (such as books and admission to cultural events).

VAT in the UK

The United Kingdom currently uses three VAT rates:

· 20% standard rate

· 5% reduced rate

· Zero rate

While the reduced rate does apply to certain basics, the zero rate is more commonly applied in the UK. As such, many goods and services in the UK are untaxed when they would be in other European countries.

Following Brexit, the UK is not part of the EU, so European Union rules no longer apply to UK VAT rates. As such, UK VAT rates could increase or decrease beyond the scope of EU rules in the future, which is an important point to remember if you trade within the UK.

VAT in France

France currently uses five VAT rates:

· 20% Standard rate

· 10% reduced rate

· 5.5% reduced rate

· 2.1% super-reduced rate

· Zero rate - Used for international and intra-community transport.

France has a 2.1% super-reduced rate. Special rates, like the super reduced rates, only apply in EU countries that were using those rates on 1 January 1991. They were allowed to help streamline the shift to EU VAT rules when the Single Market came into force on 1 January 1993 and were intended to be gradually phased out.

VAT in Italy

· 22% Standard rate

· 10% reduced rate

· 5% reduced rate

· 4% super-reduced rate

· Zero rate- Used for international and intra-community transport.

Of the countries listed here, Italy has the highest standard VAT rate, though it’s not the highest in Europe (that would be Hungary, with a 27% standard rate). Additionally, Italy has a super-reduced rate that (like France) is a holdover from the pre-EU system.

VAT in Spain

· 21% Standard rate

· 10% reduced rate

· 4% reduced rate

· Zero rate - Used for international and intra-community transport and the taxation of gold ingots, coins, and bars.

Almost all European countries have a zero rate for international and intra-community transport. In Spain, gold bars, coins, and ingots are also zero-rated. It’s common amongst EU countries to reduce the VAT on gold (specifically gold bought as an investment) as it encourages the purchase of gold within that country.